A Rose for Emily-William Faulkner

Nor can she be a wife and mother like others. Her father's overprotection is obviously the root of all her monstrosities. (IOW) Born In a noble family, she lives In the lap of luxury, but the material life does not compensate for her sufferings. In fact, she Is Like â€Å"fish In bowl, bird In cage† as her fathers thinks, â€Å"none of the young men were quite good enough for Poor her, a beautiful young aristocrat with a miserable life Obviously, she deserves to live a better life and should have done whatever she desires: friendship, love and a happy Emily like others' as those are basic rights of a human being.In contrast, she imprisons herself in her own house while living in loneliness and boredom. (owe) Moreover, she is not free to live her own life because of her father's overprotection. As a pretty well-off girl, she is the target of lots of men. That means she has many opportunities to choose her â€Å"right† man. Unfortunately, her father is obviously a huge o bstacle for her to live on her own. We readers can figure out what she has to suffer spiritually during her childhood beside a dictatorial father whose overprotection Is so relent that her life Is considered stolen.Her portray Is painted as a slender figure In white in the background. In fact, she is just a shadow beside her father. (owe) Her Tanners overprotection Is ten root AT all near monstrosities. Her extreme dependence on him results in monstrous deeds in her life. A new page of her life is opened when Homer Barron, a Yankee and daily laborer, appears. His appearance changes her life, but the fate doesn't smile to her. Her forgetting â€Å"noblesse oblige† in order to live with him finally receives his betrayal. The hatred and desperation in her cake her commit a dreadful crime: murder.What surprises and terrifies us most is that she continues to live with his corpse in the bridal room for many years without being detected. (owe) To sum up, William Faulkner is really a talented artist who paints the image of a miserable woman who suffers too much. She should be happy with her own decisions, but her father's overprotection deprives her of happiness to be a wife and mother. Moreover, she is unprepared to adapt herself to a new situation. Her life is a real hell with losses and lack of love. A Rose for Emily-William Faulkner Nor can she be a wife and mother like others. Her father's overprotection is obviously the root of all her monstrosities. (IOW) Born In a noble family, she lives In the lap of luxury, but the material life does not compensate for her sufferings. In fact, she Is Like â€Å"fish In bowl, bird In cage† as her fathers thinks, â€Å"none of the young men were quite good enough for Poor her, a beautiful young aristocrat with a miserable life Obviously, she deserves to live a better life and should have done whatever she desires: friendship, love and a happy Emily like others' as those are basic rights of a human being.In contrast, she imprisons herself in her own house while living in loneliness and boredom. (owe) Moreover, she is not free to live her own life because of her father's overprotection. As a pretty well-off girl, she is the target of lots of men. That means she has many opportunities to choose her â€Å"right† man. Unfortunately, her father is obviously a huge o bstacle for her to live on her own. We readers can figure out what she has to suffer spiritually during her childhood beside a dictatorial father whose overprotection Is so relent that her life Is considered stolen.Her portray Is painted as a slender figure In white in the background. In fact, she is just a shadow beside her father. (owe) Her Tanners overprotection Is ten root AT all near monstrosities. Her extreme dependence on him results in monstrous deeds in her life. A new page of her life is opened when Homer Barron, a Yankee and daily laborer, appears. His appearance changes her life, but the fate doesn't smile to her. Her forgetting â€Å"noblesse oblige† in order to live with him finally receives his betrayal. The hatred and desperation in her cake her commit a dreadful crime: murder.What surprises and terrifies us most is that she continues to live with his corpse in the bridal room for many years without being detected. (owe) To sum up, William Faulkner is really a talented artist who paints the image of a miserable woman who suffers too much. She should be happy with her own decisions, but her father's overprotection deprives her of happiness to be a wife and mother. Moreover, she is unprepared to adapt herself to a new situation. Her life is a real hell with losses and lack of love.

Female Infanticide

Imagine a world with no women. There as no wives, no sisters, no daughters, and no mothers. Unfortunately this world is on the brink of becoming a scary reality for Asian countries such as China and India. Due to attempts to control population and the low value associated with females in these societies historically and culturally, both China and India are now facing a serious gender imbalance. Female infanticide and sex-selective abortion are responsible for this gender imbalance.The two atrocious practices have led to problems such as elevated rates in female kidnapping and slave trade, as well as forced marriages. This paper will focus on the roots of female infanticide and sex-selective abortions as well as the problems these practices have presented. According to current statistics, there are approximately 1,338,299,512 people living in China (Cao et al. 2012). For every 120 males, there are only 100 females. A study published in the British Medical Journal found that China has approximately 32 million more males than females under the age of 20 (Cao et al. 012). In a 1999 Chinese census report, the imbalance between the sexes revealed that the imbalance is now so distorted that there are 111 million males in China – more than three times the population of Canada – who will be unable to find a wife (Hvistendahl 2008). As a result of this gender imbalance, the rate of female kidnapping and slave trading has increased. There are 8,000 women on average per year who are rescued by authorities from â€Å"forced† marriages (Cao et al. 1012). A major factor responsible for the distortion of this gender imbalance in China is the one child policy.In 1979, the Chinese Government implemented a new act under the family planning policy. This new act officially restricts married, urban couples to having only one child, while allowing exemptions for several cases such as rural couples, ethnic minorities, and parents without siblings (Hesketh et al. 2 011). Ideally, the act was implemented to alleviate social, economic, and environmental problems arising from the over-population issues in China. The one child policy offers couples that delay childbearing a longer maternity leave as well as other social benefits.Couples that have a second child without a permit are at risk of being fined thousands of dollars, and may also be penalized by suffering wage cuts and reduced access to social services (Hvistendahl 2008). Approximately 35. 9% of China’s population is subject to the â€Å"one child policy. † The policy is said to have prevented some 400 million births from 1979 to 2011 (Hesketh et al. 2011). The one child policy has been the source of conflict for a variety of reasons. The main focus has been the increased rate of female infanticide.Female infanticide is the intentional killing of baby girls due to the preference for male babies and is attributed to the low value associated with the birth of females (Weijing 2010). Poverty, famine, and population control are inter-related factors. Where safe and effective birth control is unavailable, infanticide is used to selectively limit the growth of a community. Infanticide allows for selection of the fittest or most desirable offspring, with sick, deformed, female, or multiple births targeted for disposal (Hvistendahl 2008).Males are viewed as more valuable to have as children in the Chinese society because they can work for higher wages and provide for their families. Females are viewed as a burden to the family because unless they live in a major city, they are expected to stay home with the family instead of pursuing an education or working (Hesketh et al. 2011). From the moment they are born, women are considered inferior to men. Women are viewed as submissive and weak whereas males were dominant and strong. Chinese women are taught from a very young age to look after the men in their households.They continue to live the rest of their lives a s subservient to males (Reed 2011). There is a principle of three obediences by which women are expected to live, obedience to their father while living under his roof, obedience to their husband and his family once married, and obedience to the eldest son once widowed (Caldwell and Bruce 2005). In the countryside, less than half a million out of a total rural population of eight hundred million were receiving pensions in 1981. Individuals and families who live in rural areas rely on their off spring to be part of their working staff.If such families are only allowed to have one child, they much prefer to have males because they believe they are of more use for jobs that require physical labor. (Hong, 1987) If a Chinese family who is not secure financially does indeed have a daughter than she will most likely not marry, Hong explains. â€Å"For economic reasons, families with daughters are unlikely to let them go to grooms villages to live because they will be needed not only for t he parents old age security but also to boost the life- long earning potential of the household. (Hong 1987 pg. 320) In Chinese culture, it is said, â€Å"a woman’s greatest duty is to have a son. † If a woman does not give birth to a son, her husband will often take another wife in hopes of another woman carrying his heir (Hvistendahl 2008). Women are viewed as so inferior, that often, poor families would sell their daughters as servants to rich families. Despite the egalitarian nature of Chinese society, many parents believe that having a son is a vital element of providing for their old age.When a daughter is married off, she is no longer available to take care of her parents in their old age, as she is now responsible for her husband and his family (Hesketh et al. 2011). Historically, the way that women were viewed in Chinese society made it clear that with the one-child policy in place, couples would prefer to have a son rather than a daughter. It is for this reas on that rates of female infanticide increased in China. Female infanticide is not a problem that is new to Chinese culture. Studies have shown that evidence of female infanticide in China dates back to 800 B. C.E. Until the fourth century, infanticide was neither illegal nor immoral (Weijing 2010). Legal sanctions against infanticide were introduced in the fourth century as Christianity infused secular laws (Weijing 2010). â€Å"We feel it's a serious problem that everybody should be concerned about and aware of,† said Wanda Franz, president of the National Right to Life Committee. â€Å"This is a form of abortion that, from our point of view is especially egregious. Abortion is claimed to help women; obviously in these cases, females are the direct victims, because women in these cultures are not valued. Caldwell and Bruce 2005)† Another country that has high rates of infanticide is India. Unlike China, India does not have a one-child policy in place, but instead, par ents of daughters who are to get married, must pay a dowry. Although the dowry is illegal in most of India, in areas of poverty, most parents still struggle and are expected to pay the families into which their daughters marry (Mahalingam et al. 2007). The dowry consists of large amounts of money and valuable goods. For families with several daughters this can be a serious financial burden (Dube and Dube 1999).In India, the practice of female infanticide is even more common. As in China, the birth of a daughter is seen as a liability. In India the sex ratio is 93 women for every 100 men, but in some regions there are fewer than 85 women per 100 men (Ahmad 2010). According to a recent report by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) up to 50 million girls and women are missing from India' s population as a result of systematic gender discrimination in India. Another study showed that approximately 2,000 females are illegally aborted every day in India (Mahalingham et al. 2007).I ndia is known throughout the world for being a country of a large population, a diverse culture, and beautiful sites. A part of India that is coming out of the dark and being discussed rapidly by academics is the extent of female infanticide and sex selective abortion. Statistics show in a United Nations report, that India has a higher death rate of females under four years old than any other country in the world. Poorer nations such as Peru have a female death percentage compared to males of seventy three percent, where a more developed country such as Japan has a female death rate of eighty three percent.The national average in India has a death rate of one hundred and seven percent compared to the death rate of boys, and in the area of Rajasthan the death rate of females under four years old is one hundred and nineteen percent compared to boys of the same age. A percentage of these deaths can be contributed to the decreasing health of female toddlers in India. Verma explains, in most regions of India girls are only fed after the males in the family. If the mother of a family does not receive proper nutrition than the chances of her daughter receiving it are very slim.The other major reason for mortality rates of young female children is so high is due to the practice of female infanticide. Virma, while travelling through her homeland on a search of qualitative research about the practice of female infanticide, came to find just how common female infanticide is across India, particularly in rural areas. Virma explains throughout many villages the male head of the household orders the daughter to be killed. In a particular interview a woman was screaming and crying, her husband told his wife, if she did not kill the baby than he would smash her head in until she was dead. Virma, 2005) In the village of a Bihar, the killing of female infants is so common; the locals repeatedly state, â€Å"The killing of girls is not a sin. † Midwives who play a large r ole in rural societies of India openly admit how many female infants they have killed. One stated â€Å"I have killed at least sixty five female babies in the last ten years. † (Verma 2005 Pg. 29) In the same villages midwives are paid a fee of one hundred rupees if the baby is a boy, twenty-five rupees if the infant is a girl, and fifty rupees if the midwife kills, or disposes of the female child. Verma, 2005) There are many different ways in which the female infants are killed; two common practices include starving the baby to death, or poisoning her with tobacco or oil. Many midwives feel that they are â€Å"liberating the female infants soul by killing them. They believe the alternative, being a woman in many parts of India is much worse than being dead. (Verma 2005) Female children who are raised in India are aware of the way they are treated by society and within their own families.In many instances they understand the expense of their dowries, and in certain circumsta nces go to great lengths to bring honor to their families. In a northern rural village, three sisters had hung themselves, with a note explaining the financial freedom their parents would have without them. (Verma 2005) The Chinese government has taken a number of steps to combat the practice of female infanticide, as well as promote and protect women's rights. The Marriage Law and Women's Protection Law prohibit female infanticide, and the latter prohibits discrimination against women who give birth to daughters (Hvistendahl 2008).The Sex Selective Abortion Law and Maternal Health Care Law of 1994 were created to put an end to sex selective abortions, and the latter prohibits the use of medical technology to determine the gender of a fetus (Hesketh et al. 2011). Unfortunately, however, the practice continues in China despite these efforts. The availability of modern ultrasound technology is a major contributing factor to sex-selective abortion. The technology was introduced to Chin a in the 1980’s for diagnostic purposes, however, the opportunity to use the technology for sex selection was soon exploited.In 1994, the Chinese Government banned the use of ultrasound technology for the use of sex selection in 1994 in an effort to elevate the number of females born per year and decrease the rate of sex-selective abortions and infanticide (Hesketh et al. 2011). In 2003, the Indian Government implemented the 2002 amendments to the PNDT (Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques) Act, explicitly recognizing the responsibility of manufacturers and distributors, such as GE Healthcare India, to protect against female feticide.Manufacturers must confirm that their customers have valid PNDT certificates and have signed legal documents stating that the equipment shall not be used for sex determination (Mahalingham et al. 2007). Female infanticide is a horrible manifestation of the anti-female bias that continues to pollute societies throughout the world. Even in technological ly advanced and educated societies, the brutal practice continues. The successful eradication of the practice of female infanticide seems an arduous task. In order to combat the phenomenon, careful consideration of the location-specific and cultural factors leading to the practice is necessary.The education of both men and women, social strategies to improve the status of women, and access to family counseling and healthcare may provide means of eliminating female infanticide, as well as elevating the value assigned to women around the globe. In countries such as China and India where the preference of male children has been a part of their cultures history and tradition, one of the only ways to prevent the acts of female infanticide and sex selective abortion is through education. In the early 1990’s less than forty percent of India’s three hundred and thirty million females aged seven and older were literate.Approximately ten years later the numbers improved with six ty five percent of the female population being able to read or write. â€Å"Numerous studies show that illiterate women have high levels of fertility and mortality, poor nutritional status, low earning potential, and less autonomy within the household. †(United Nations 2002) Although there are many schools within India whose curriculum is outstanding and where the student’s performance out does primary schools in the global north there are still many areas where improvement must take place. The government of India must start with setting up more schools and classrooms and providing more teachers at the grass root levels. †(UNICEF) The second step that needs to be taken is to ensure quality teacher training and a solid planned out curriculum for each school to follow across the country. Along with a solid curriculum there needs to be more encouragement of education for girls. If encouragement means giving families incentives to keep their daughters in school, then the government should seriously consider them says the president of the Kanchan Foundation.With an outstanding number of children in upper primary schools across India many girls either drop out or there is not enough space for them so they are forced to leave. By increasing the number of upper primary schools many more girls in India would have the chance of a formal education. Overall the two most populous countries in the world, China and India, are facing what has been described as something close to genocide.With China attempting to control their population size, and India’s historical and cultural preference of male children, both countries are in dire need for daughters in their societies. Between female infanticide and sex selective abortion both countries are running out of potential marriage partners for their male children. With female infanticide and sex selective abortion on the rise the number of kidnapping, and forced marriages of females has also been increas ing. Research shows the answer to the problem is increased education for both male and females throughout both countries.Encouraging girls with their education, and teaching boys and men that women should be valued in society are the first steps in stopping such practices. Although sex selective abortion has been against the law in China since 1994, the practice has been on the rise, particularly with advancing technology. Authority does not watch the practice closely and more recent policy needs to be put in place. It should be both China and India’s goal to give infant females, the same celebrations of life as their male counterparts and to give all women in both countries gender equality.

Mentoring: A Way of Life -an integrative paper of the course ‘Art of Mentoring’ Essay

In this course, â€Å"Art of Mentoring†, I learned the relevance of mentoring in education, counseling ministry and self-directed learning of graduate students. The objective of the course was to encourage us students to use mentoring in different fields of profession and in service to the religious community. Having finished the course, I am inspired to use the concepts of mentoring in my personal education and be more effective in my profession, other involvements, as well using these concepts in my personal life. I realized that mentoring is a very broad term in a sense that it encompasses profession and organizational duties because it involves sharing of lives and experiences so as to develop ones holistic identity. The term is generally used to refer to the relationship between a mentor, who has the mastery, experience wisdom passion for a profession; and a mentee, who has equal passion to learn from the mentor’s knowledge and experiences (http://www.managementhelp.org/guiding/mentrng/mentrng.htm). Our history tells us that the concept and method of mentoring has been long practiced even before the word came about. When men taught basic skills like hunting and farming, they did it through the use of modeling or mentoring (Cagle, 2004). Now in the 21st century there is an increasing need of mentoring in different fields of profession. And I have come to the conclusion that mentoring is one of the most effective means of influencing and training individuals to be dynamic and efficient leaders, rich in their personal professions in a developing community. The Bible itself shows mentoring as a way of training individuals for leadership, as what is happening in the Church today (Cagle, 2004).   .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     I learned that mentoring is also very substantial in the academe, especially in graduate schools. To develop professional excellence, each student should have professors or advisers who have a strong interest in their growth not just as professionals, but as dynamic individuals, and guide them to that path.   Self-directed adult learning on the other hand, although it is more informal and not necessarily academic, can also be more effective when used with mentoring.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As Christians, we are also called to influence the society with godly leadership. Christian leaders in the community can use mentoring to train and guide their subordinates in promoting righteous and godly leadership. I believe that people in the society are looking for individuals who can mentor and motivate them to be better and excellent individuals. Now I understand that I have an important role in the development of my own sphere of influence, where I can help my colleagues to be godly citizens by mentoring them through the use of the Bible and living a godly lifestyle. I then realized that this is one way of personal leadership, that through a deep understanding of godly values and good lifestyle, I can mentor other individuals to be good citizens and future leaders in our community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Now with the use of mentoring, church growth, especially in rural areas, can accelerate rapidly (Cagle, 2004). Training and mentoring effective church leaders will result to a growth in their individual churches. As Jesus Christ taught his disciples by mentoring, so they followed his examples and this paved the way for rapid church growth. Mentoring, which also has the characteristic of using motivation and the boosting of self-esteem, can be used in having an effective counseling ministry, where ministers could help and guide a person to his full potential.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After learning about mentoring and having my personal insights on the method of effective influence, I now believe I can influence my peers better through the art of mentoring. I believe mentoring can occur in two ways. One way could start with an individual who needs another individual capable of guiding and mentoring him to his fullest potential. Then having found the suitable person, the mentor now decides to accept the responsibility of guiding and the mentee. And from there the relationship would develop into a fruitful, guided growth of the individual. On the other hand, mentoring can start with an older person, who sees the potential in an individual, to develop and with whom he can impart his skills and knowledge in a specific field of profession or life in general. Then now it is up to the chosen individual to accept the mentor’s offer to be guided and influenced for his personal excellent growth as an individual. And when finally accepted, the mentoring process now begins.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Although mentoring can be used in large scale institutions like universities and the Church, I believe it is also a way of influencing our peers and colleagues with our personal lifestyles. Like what I said earlier, I believe that mentoring is also a form of leadership. Now, having learned the concept and art of mentoring, I am now confident to influence the young people I know to be good citizens as well as future leaders in the community. Reference: Cagle, J. (2004). Journal of Asian Missions. Pp. 235-244 (March, 2004) http://www.managementhelp.org/guiding/mentrng/mentrng.htm   

Human Resource Management Is Radically Different From Personnel Essay

Human Resource Management Is Radically Different From Personnel Management - Essay Example Human resource management is a two way reaction, firstly people work to achieve their goals by helping organizations grow and secondly the organizations achieve their goals by helping people grow, in short one can say that "the purpose of human resource management is to improve the productive contribution of people to the organization in ways that are strategically, ethically, and socially responsible" (Werther, Keith, 8). Where as when we talk about personnel management than we are also talking about the staff other than managers, which does not even come under HR department such as labor force, which is in contact with the manager who is responsible for the labor dealings, however that manager has a direct relation with human resource department. Further more the human resource management is not just simply limited to the employee relations in a particular way but it is a complete process that makes it so much complicated and interesting, it has a vast scope and objectives which are also related to the organization in which people are working, unlike personnel management which is related to people working for the organization only. The human resource has certain objectives with out which there would be no need of it, there are four types of objectives, Organizational Objective, the organizational effectiveness is the key issue here, its main job is to identify the fact that is there any management exiting or not Then comes Functional Objective, here HR job is to identify and maintain the level of contribution in relation to the organization's needs, then comes Societal Objective, here the job of HR is to fulfill the needs of the society in terms of being ethically and socially responsible in meeting the challenges faced by t he society, then the last one is Personal Objective, it is assumed to be the core purpose of HR and that is to assist employees in reaching their own goals and helping and assuring their contribution in the success of the organization it self. Further more HRM is having various complicated processes such as selection and recruitment process, which is definitely related to the employees but more importantly the company is finding people for its own benefit, here the company is not managing the people but just checking their standards whether they can work or not, so the focus is on the organization's betterment, another process is employee training and development, here the company has some intention in managing the personnel but the main concerns are for the organization's excellence, other processes are employee compensation and incentives which shows a relation between human resource and personnel management, these all are pointing toward the fact that it is a very vast and compli cated field where as personnel management has a limited part to play in the entire human resource management. There are even greater facts to discuss about human resource management which are entirely different than the personnel management and yet having direct impact on the country in which the HRM practices are done, the biggest problem that the countries are facing is the role of human resource department in

Discuss contemporary trends in paid work and employment in Australia Essay

Discuss contemporary trends in paid work and employment in Australia - Essay Example These facts indicate Australians approach toward work. The great degree of economic security and independence that derives from paid employment has largely contributed to the changing employment ideologies of Australia. This will paper critically evaluate the contemporary trends in paid work and employment in Australia. Factors affecting paid employment trends in Australia Australian Bureau of Statistics reflects that â€Å"amount of remuneration, the conditions and tenure of employment, the personal development opportunities available, and the physical, financial and psychological effects† are the major elements that largely influence the mental perception of paid workers (Paid work: employment arrangements, 2002). Recent growths in service industries and technologies, governmental deregulations in labor markets, and increasing number of women workers have greatly contributed to different working arrangements in Australia. The new work arrangement settings in paid employment system are very beneficial for part time workers. The part time workers mainly aim to balance part time employment with their family responsibilities or carrier building activities. The statistical data precisely illustrates that there is a considerable increase in the rate of part time labor from 1983 to 2003 (Paid work: employment arrangements, 2004). ... The increased volume of labor force has intensified the economic as well as cultural growth of the nation. The government has realized the significant role of human resource in the overall development of the nation; therefore it has liberalized employment laws in the country to create attractive opportunities for potential individuals. In the opinion of Pocock (2009), the pleasure an employee obtains from job will largely influence his attitude towards the work. When a worker gets job satisfaction, he would contribute his maximum potential and skills to the job which in turn would avoid unfair practices. Understanding this concept, Australian employers heed genuine concern to workplace issues with intent to provide satisfactory working environment for their employees. Contemporary trends in paid work and employment in Australia While dealing with current employment trends in Australia, it is necessary to assess the emergence of large number of part-time workers. Nowadays, employment trends show that Australian people do not like to remain unemployed and it clearly indicates the employment cultural transition in the country as compared to 1980s when employed people constituted only a small portion of the country. Generally, over time workers are additionally compensated for their extra efforts. Fear and Denniss (2009) point out that many of the workers in Australia are not paid for their overtime work; and official report indicates that unpaid overtime in Australia is more common than paid overtime. More than half of all Australian employees work more hours beyond the standard time without having paid for extra time. The unpaid overtime is more common among white-collar employees since they are paid comparatively higher

The Genetics of Alcoholism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Genetics of Alcoholism - Essay Example Building a tolerance for alcohol can explain this discrepancy to a point but biology plays a bigger role. It’s been speculated that heritage determines a person’s alcohol tolerance. Though some have dismissed this theory as racist and stereotyping it may have some validity. The Irish and Germans seem to â€Å"handle their liquor† better than say, Native Americans. The alcohol limit for beer sold in Oklahoma is 3.2 percent. Oklahoma has a large Native American population. Scientists agree with the stereotype. They have discovered a certain gene carried by up to 20 percent of the U.S. population that has a â€Å"big, big effect† on the way people handle their alcohol. This minority is programmed to be especially susceptible to the effects of alcohol. â€Å"The gene carries the blueprint for an enzyme called CYP2E1, known to be involved in metabolizing ethanol alcohol.† (Rubin, 2010). This finding changes the perception that people who can’t â€Å"handle† their liquor are somehow weak in other areas of life. Drinking games are designed to determine who is the strongest in the group. The winners claim bragging rights over their weakling friends. According to the scientists findings, bragging about how much you can drink is like bragging about having red hair, dark skin or being tall. Not only is being able to drink large amounts nothing to brag about in the first place, it’s now proven it has nothing to do with being strong or weak.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 93

Summary - Essay Example articles is the spreading of this crime in the recent years and the hype created by the mass media, political and economic forces against the threat of such crime. The lack of trail and reporting of such incidences makes this threat question itself. The articles have clarified the concepts of hacking, hactivism, cracking and their relation with and the comprehensive meaning of the word cyberterrorism. In my opinion, the increasing use of information technology does make us vulnerable to the cyberterrorism more than ever before. I agree with the writer where he talks about the more unconventional routes adopted by the terrorists for spreading terror because of the anonymity, cost effectiveness and mass destruction capabilities. The book ‘Black Ice’ also shows the possibilities and realities of the cyberterrorisn and the vulnerabilities of the sectors to these crimes. The biggest fear is the ability of the terrorist to command the data once he gets into the system posing threats at national level. The absence of physical landscape and defying the constraints of the law of nature, cybercrime can be very tricky at times. The various religious groups fight for their right through the cyber encroachment and the history has also witnessed credit card threats and invasion of bank internet facilities through the cybercriminals. Apart from the above agreements there are few po ints in the articles where I disagree with the writers. The point that no real cases of cyberterrorism is reported or witnessed, I still believe that the hype is not just for the sake of it. The hype for me is the call of awareness, the information required by the general public in order to foresee what is coming. Although no such incidence has happened the proactive human nature says awareness should be at every doorstep to fight what is as quiet as a snake and more devastating than an earthquake. In real life, schools and universities can spend a part of their budgets on creating better fire

LLB Law, Media Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LLB Law, Media Law - Essay Example ge of its duties, is guilty of contempt†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 1 The test as to what constitutes contempt of court was enunciated by Lord Russell in the English case of R v Gray: ‘Any act done or writing published calculated to bring a court or a judge of the court into contempt, or to lower his authority, is a contempt of court.’2 In every court proceeding, what every litigant is in search of is a good judgment and in most court proceedings involving trial by jury, having a good, reasonable and unbiased jury is the key to that. Taking a view from the Attorney General’s speech, it is true that the law of contempt was meant to arrive at a middle ground between competing interests. There are so many opposing interests to every trial. The law of contempt has at least three fundamental objects – providing a fair trial, ensuring compliance with the court’s orders and generally protecting the administration of justice. If these competing interests are balanced, it is the only way which requires the court process to be fair and that the community accepts the court’s decisions and obeys their orders. It is the duty of the trial judge always to warn the jury of the likely consequences of which any pre-trial publicity may have on the trial. The jury must always and constantly be cautioned to try the case on the basis of the evidence it hears and not on the basis of anything it reads in the newspapers or heard on radio or television. A question that should be asked at this point is that is this a reasonable position? If this is reasonable, how will the law be successful is protecting the rights of those concerned with a trial from intrusion by the media? How does the law attempt to balance the conflicting interest of all parties to the trial, and in particular, in relation to freedom of speech/freedom of the press and the right to a fair trial? Are the any dangers of a miscarriage of justice with regards to pre-trial publicity? It should be noted that a lot of jurors have become

A Personal Nursing Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Personal Nursing Philosophy - Essay Example One’s personal belief is to be able to accord genuine patient care through therapeutic communication, as well as in accurately discerning and assessing the patient’s comprehensive needs. This is most crucial in elderly patients or those from other cultural orientations where language could be impaired or not easily comprehensible. Through vital signs, body language, and non-verbal modes of communication, effective and dedicated nurses must discern the most imminent need of the patient that needs to be urgently addressed. Nurses should be cognizant of the fact that patients provide various signs, symptoms, and communication patterns that would help relay accurate diagnosis of their illnesses. As a nurse, one strongly believes that a more comprehensive and holistic approach to patient care must be provided to ensure that patients are accorded with opportunities to improve their health conditions and to live happy, productive and rewarding lives. Only then could nurses lik ewise affirm that this profession is indeed virtually similarly  rewarding.  

System Implementation At Red and Hot Chinese Restaurant Assignment

System Implementation At Red and Hot Chinese Restaurant - Assignment Example HACCP is in line with the ISO 9000 standards in terms of ensuring safe restaurant kitchen operations. It is based on the seven principles recommended by the US National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods (NACMCF). It is defined as a system of controls and documentation designed to minimize the potential for food-borne illness due to pathogens or the physical or chemical combination. (Baraban and Durocher, p. 134) It addresses all biological, chemical and physical hazards and how to identify and control/prevent them. Food safety has become an important public policy issue because of concerns about food-borne illnesses and how consumers have increasingly sought ways to lead healthful lifestyles. (Engle and Quagrainie 2006, p. 151) As a result, authorities are increasingly requiring for food establishments and food handlers to have control on sanitation procedures. Some countries are even formulating laws that are related to food safety and the HACCP system. The entire HACCP processes look and appear very technical and complicated, but the truth is that it is an extremely systematic way of ensuring that food is produced in a kitchen is safe. Based on initial research, the HACCP system is a recognized as a worldwide standard in food safety, adopted by various food and hospitality establishments such as hotels, restaurant, ships, and so forth. While there is no formal HACCP system in place at Red and Hot Chinese Restaurant, this does not mean that there is no food safety strategy in place. I found this out, among other important facts about the restaurant, after I conducted a series of interviews with the Kitchen manager, several cooks, stewards and food servers. I have asked a set of questions which determined the staff’s knowledge and actual experience with the HACCP model and how it works.  

The Organizational Ethics of Lockheed Martin Essay Example for Free

The Organizational Ethics of Lockheed Martin Essay Lockheed Martins Vision statement reads as follows; (Who We Are) be the global leader in supporting our customers to strengthen global security, deliver citizen services and advance scientific discovery. Lets break this statement down into separate components. First, supporting our customers to strengthen global security, is a phrase that is limited to a customer base but also inclusive to the entire globe. The ethical question with this part of their mission statement is; at what point does an organization like Lockheed impose their own ethical limits over their customers? This is a prime example of external factors influencing the companys ethical standards. Lockheed can find themselves at the mercy of their customers request and desires. This can lead to taking on a project that they may not be ethically inline with. They are in essence giving their customer complete control over what they believe is ethical in global security. This can obviously turn into a bias view of whats good for the world, when left up to a specific group of customers. The next part of the statement then puts the ethical decisions back into the hands of Lockheed, deliver citizen services. With this sentiment Lockheed gets to choose the services within a society that it feels will serve that citizens the best. Finally and maybe the most ethically sensitive area of Lockheeds mission, is advance scientific discovery. Science, especially in the area of discovery, can lead to many ethical questions depending on the nature of the research. The biggest questions arise when animal or human testing is involved. To specifically address their ethical philosophy Lockheed released this statement; ( ) We are committed to the highest standards of ethical  conduct in all that we do. We believe that honesty and integrity engender trust, which is the cornerstone of our business. We abide by the laws of the United States and other countries in which we do business, we strive to be good citizens and we take responsibility for our actions. The reality is Lockheed is in the business of making some of the worlds most advanced and destructive military weapon systems. Even though their products are used in combat to kill the enemy, there are still laws and rules governing the how destructive and lethal these weapons can be. Lockheed does make sure to operate within the guidelines set forth by Geneva Convention Treaties and Rules of Armed Conflict. These guidelines are examples of legal factors that give Lockheed guidance of where the ethical lines should be drawn. Lockheed addresses the fact that they not only have their own ethical standards to adhere to but that they are also a direct reflection of their suppliers. (Who We Are ), We want our suppliers to understand, foster, and mirror the ethical conduct we expect from our employees in all business challenges and transactions. This places them in the unique situation, not only to monitor their practices but also those of the organizations providing the materials they need to do business. Lockheed Martin expects their contractors to behave in a manner consistent with the principles of their code of ethics. One key element in regards to their suppliers is that Lockheed requires their suppliers to have a set and standardized Code of Ethics Programs within each organization. Lockheed also holds their employees to the same standards as their suppliers. In Lockheeds 2012 Employee Perspectives Survey, employees stated that they were more apt to report unethical behavior activity, while the percent of misconduct reported was at an all time low. Leo S. Mackay Jr., vice president of Ethics and Sustainability says, (FIve Lessons) â€Å"Even if you didn’t know anything about our Code of Ethics and Business Conduct, if you followed the value statements Do what’s right, Respect others, and Perform with excellence you could come pretty close to how we would want you to act in any situation that involved an ethical judgment.† One thing that makes Lockheeds ethic program work is the ethics officers, at the business level, are embedded directly with the employees. These ethics officers  attend business and planning meetings. This ensures that the officers understand the businesses they support, and by participating in the field they are able to bridge the gap between business and ethics. When employees have to deal with ethical issues, they have specific avenues to reach out to including; talking to their ethics officer, calling the Corporate Ethics HelpLine, or sending an email directly to the Lockheed Ethics Department. It is important to note that the aforementioned ethics officers are elected officials from within the company. Lockheed Martin must report certain types of misconduct to the government. This further signifies the importance the responsibility of all employees to report any ethical issues. Every Lockheed employee, even executives, must participate in ethics training once a year. References. Who We Are Ethics. (n.d.). Ethics  · Lockheed Martin. Retrieved July 28, 2014, from http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/who-we-are/ethics.html Five Lessons for a Successful STEM Career. (n.d.). Polishing Our Ethics Performance  · Lockheed Martin. Retrieved July 28, 2014, from http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/who-we-are/ethics/culture-ethics.html

Moliere’s Portrayal of Religion and Religiosity Essay Example for Free

Moliere’s Portrayal of Religion and Religiosity Essay Moliere’s Tartuffe is about a man named Tartuffe who is a beggar and holy man that was recently taken in by a Christian man named, Orgon. Tartuffe has Orgon fooled, but the entire rest of Orgon’s family sees Tartuffe as a hypocritical, self-righteous con artist. Orgon becomes obsessed with Tartuffe and would rather talk and hear about him than his own sick wife. Even though Moliere rewrote this play twice, there are many reasons that the church might still be concerned about the hypocrisy that he used toward Christianity in this play. In 1666 Tartuffe was banned, a play many found offensive because of its assault on church hypocrisy. Many people of the church could still be concerned, due to Moliere’s portrayal of Christianity and how it is almost mocked in this play. Allot of the comedy Moliere portrays is intense focus on Orgon as example of a certain kind of traditional Christian. He isn’t the ‘only’ type of Christian in this play, but the way he is portrayed is almost in a hypocritical manner. Orgon is so eager to believe Tartuffe, mainly due to the fact that Tartuffe is professing to be another type of Christian. Moliere regards the type of Christian that Tartuffe is as insane. The way mankind is portrayed on behalf of Orgon is almost as depraved as a result of Original Sin, so therefore Orgon has to be subjected, for his own good, to somewhat of a dictatorial control by divinely appointed authorities, or the King. Moliere portrays Orgon as a good Christian man, who is taken advantage of and ultimately almost loses everything because he is willing to take Tartuffe in and treat him as if he were family. The reason the church should be concerned here is the fact that Moliere portrays the way Tartuffe is insane and manipulates the good Christian man. He shows Orgon, the good Christian man as blind to all the wrong, and coming out as essentially the â€Å"loser† and the insane Christian and manipulator, Tartuffe, comes out with all of Orgon’s belongings. After reading Moliere’s Tartuffe I now can see how the church would be heavily concerned with how Moliere portrays Christianity as ‘the nice guy finishes last’ with relation to Orgon and Christianity. The church could also see the hypocrisy by the portrayal of Tartuffe as a â€Å"religious con man† or â€Å"religious fraud. †

Cognitive Network Security

Cognitive Network Security Introduction: The rapid development of various communication and wireless technologies had led to ultimate spectrum insufficiency. This may cause a great spectrum extinction thereby not allowing new wireless services to be installed. To overcome this great spectrum disaster and to optimally use the underutilized bands, a new technology so called cognitiveradio evolved. This technology scampers the software programs thereby helps cognitive user to look for spectrum holes, pick the best among them, work jointly in coordination with other users and do not disturb the owner of spectrum on arrival[1].The members do stay connected in an ad-hoc manner and there is no guaranteed network architecture. This makes the privacy issues more intricate than in conventional wireless devices. [2]. The medium of transport is free air, any adulteration of data can be done without much being noticed by the sufferer and at the worst case, the data signals are even jammed. Establishing security in these networks is a ri sky task because of its inimitable quality. [4] The innate temperament of it has made it an open play ground for attackers. There are four layers in a cognitive network out of which Physical layer is the lowermost layer and various attacks are feasible here .The main focus is on attacks in these layers since it is the common layer and has same compatibility with all other devices. The rapid development of technology has led to a new attack so called Primary User Emulation Attack wherein the imitation of spiteful user as a primary transmitter occurs to deceive the secondary users and gain access over the white space. Better functioning of the Cognitive network is affected to a great extent if this Primary User Emulation Attack is severe.[3]Earlier methods and the most primitive are cyclostationary and the energy detection ones [11]. The first technique is based on the fact that the signals from primary users are periodic and do have regular cyclostationarity property. The second method involves comparison of energy level of the signal with a preset threshold. [10].These methods are already bypassed owing to the rapid growth of technology. It can be done either by impersonating the primary transmitted signal or high power signal to confuse the energy detector [9]. Thus to avoid the problem of PUEA, we need a trustable method to verify the arrival of primary user .One such method is verification of licensed user by means of biased reaction signalling[6]. The other technique involves LocDef , where we use localization technique by non interactive technique [7]. We can also use Public encryption systems thereby ensuring the trustworthy communication[5]. Primary user has a closely placed helper node which plays the role of a bridge thereby enabling of the verification of the primary user’s signals using cryptographic signatures and authentic link signatures.[8].There are hand off techniques meant for secret communication of sharing session keys between the client and the router [12]. We do add the tag for authentication in a transparent way so as no to interfere with the primary receiver but still maintain authenticity with the cognitive user. We can add this tag in parity bits of the codeword or in the modulation scheme .[13].But to make this signature embedding accurate, error control codes like convolutional codes, turbo codes or alamauti codes can be used. .A convolutional encoder is a linear predetermined-state device with n algebraic function generators and K stage shift register. The binary input data, is shifted as b bits at a time along the registers. Decoding can be done by either sequential decoding, maximum likelihood or feedback decoding[15]. In case of turbo codes, two RSC elementary codes are in a parallel organization. Maximum A Posteriori algorithm is used for decoding it in iterative process[16].In a highly noisy environments single error control codes do not have high coding gain. In order to improve this concatenated codes are preferred.[14] H ence to cope up with the FCC regulations, we proposed a method in which the authentication tag is embedded onto the data signal by the helper node after encoding and the comparative study of which concatenated codes serve the best to reduce the bit error rate has been discussed. II. PROPOSED METHOD: 2.1)HASH ALGORITHM: Procedure: Message is Padded in such a way that the length of message matches to 896 modulo 1024 . In certain cases ,the length may match yet the padding becomes additional. We do add a binary bit 1 followed by binary 0s to make the desired length. Depending upon the actual message size, we may have n number of bits padded where n=1 to 1024.We do assume that the message after padding is an unsigned integer of 128 bits and output of earlier two steps is a 1024 bit integer in order to calculate the length of message. Eight registers each of capacity to hold 64 bits (p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w) are needed to grasp the 512 bit results momentarily .This 512 bit output is carried over as an input to the consecutive stages. For the first stage, the previously stored transitional hash output is taken. On processing the padded message of 1024 bits, we get 64 bit as input per round. So to maintain the security and avoid repetitions, we do use a constant to point to the round number out of 80.After completion of 80 rounds, the final stage result is fed back to the first block until the message gets over. Thus we need (Oi-1) to produce Oi where I is the stage number. 2.2)METHOD OF EMBEDDING: We assume that the primary transmitter and the helper node share almost the same geological location and the helper node has a secret communication with the secondary users there. The primary transmitter on arrival generally transmits a data signal to its intended primary receiver. Since the primary transmitter has the highest priority and in no way it should be interfered we use the helper node to embed this security tag. The primary transmitter encodes the data sequence, modulates and transmits the signal. The data sequence after encoding is modulated and being transmitted by the primary transmitter. The helper node here repeats the signal and the hashed output is being embedded by it .Here the embedding is done in such a way that the tag to data ratio is comparatively low. Encode the data sequence to form N code words and each codeword contains p bits. We get an authentication tag by splitting the hash function output obtained earlier into p bit blocks. The tag thus obtained is su bstituted in the place of first p bits of the total N code words obtained. We do obey the regulations as per FCC since this tag embedding task is solely performed by the helper node. At the receiver end the authentication tag is retrieved and checked for authenticity. This tag verification is being done by the Cognitive Radio user upon reception since we did assume that the key for hash had been exchanged privately earlier. If verification is successful, the task is suspended and secondary user looks for any new white space. BLOCK DIAGRAM: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: BER VALUES FOR CONVOLUTIONAL CODES: BER VALUES FOR TURBO CONVOLUTIONAL CODES: BER VALUES FOR CONVOLUTIONAL-ALAMOUTI CODES: BER VALUES FOR TURBO-ALAMOUTI CODES: REFERENCES: O. Leà ³n ,Hernà ¡ndez-Serrano, J.,Soriano, M.,. Securingcognitiveradionetworks, International Journal of Communication Systems,23: 633-652. May 2010 Parvin, S.,Han, S.,Tian, B.,Hussain, F.K, Trust-based authentication for secure communication inCognitiveRadioNetworks,International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing, Hong Kong; China;,pp. 589-596. December 2010. Zhang, C.,Yu, R.,Zhang, Y., Performance analysis of Primary User Emulation Attack inCognitiveRadionetworks,International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference,pp.371-376. August 2012. Parvin, S.,Hussain, F.K.,Hussain, O.K.,Han, S.,Tian, B.,Chang, E., Cognitiveradionetworksecurity: A survey ,Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 35: 1691-1708. November 2012. Parvin, S.,Hussain, F.K.,Hussain, O.K, Digital signature-basedauthenticationframework incognitiveradionetworks, International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing and Multimedia,pp.136-142. December 2012. Kumar, V.,Park, J.M.,Kim, J.,Aziz, A., Physical layerauthenticationusing controlled inter symbol interference, International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks,pp. 286. October 2012. Ruiliang Chen, Jung-Min Park, and Jeffrey H. Reed,Defense against Primary User Emulation Attacks in Cognitive Radio Networks,IEEE transactions on Selected areas in communication,26:25-37. January 2008. Tingting Jiang., Huacheng Zeng., Qiben Yan., Wenjing Lou.,Thomas Hou,Y, On the Limitation of Embedding Cryptographic Signature for Primary Transmitter Authentication, IEEE transactions on Wireless communication letters,1:324-327. August 2012. Chen,R.,Park,J.,Reed,J.H, Defense against primary user emulation attacks in cognitive radio networks, IEEE transactions on Selected Areas in Communications, 26:25–37. 2008. Liu,Y.,Ning,P., Dai,H, Authenticating primary users’ signals in cognitive radio networks via integrated cryptographic radio networks via integrated cryptographic and wireless link signatures,IEEE Symp. on Security and Privacy, pp. 286–301. 2010. Kim,H.,Shin,K.G, In-band spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks: energy detection or feature detection? ,ACM international conference on Mobile computing and networking, pp.14-25. 2008. He, Y.,Xu, L.,Wu, W., A local joint fast handoff scheme incognitivewireless mesh networks , IEEE transactions on Security and Communication Networks, 7:455-465. February 2014. Xi Tan., Kapil Borle., Wenliang Du., Biao Chen, Cryptographic Link Signatures for Spectrum Usage Authentication in Cognitive Radio, ACM conference on Wireless network security,pp.79-90.2011. Avila, J.,Thenmozhi, K, DWT highlighted concatenated multi band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM)-upgraded enactment, International Journal of Engineering and Technology,5:2155-2162. June 2013. Andrew J. Viterbi, Convolutional Codes and ’Their Performance in Communication Systems , IEEE transactions on Communication Technology,19:751-772. October 1971. Claude Berrou., Alain Glavieux ,Near optimum error correcting coding and decoding-turbo codes,IEEE Transactions on communications,44:1261-1271. October 1996 Wang,X.,Wu,Y.,Caron,B, Transmitter identification using embedded pseudo random sequences, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting,3:244-252. September 2004. Danev,B.,Luecken,H.,Capkun,Z.,Defrawy,K.E,Attacks on physical-layer identification,ACM Conference on Wireless Network Security,pp.89-97. 2010. Proakis,J.G., Salehi,M, Digital Communications.New York, McGraw-Hill, pp. 192, 434, 472-474. 2007. Chen,Z.,Cooklev,T.,Chen,C., Pomalaza-R ´aez,C, Modeling Primary User Emulation Attacks and Defences in Cognitive Radio Networks, International Performance Computing and Communications Conference,pp.208-215. 2009.

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - Symbols and Symbolism :: Great Gatsby Essays

Symbolism in The Great Gatsby Symbolism is what makes a story complete.   In "The Great Gatsby" Fitzgerald cleverly uses symbolism.   Virtually anything in the novel can be taken as a symbol, from the weather, to the colors of clothing the characters wear.   There are three main symbols used in The Great Gatsby, they are The East and West Egg, the green light at the end of Daisy's dock, and the eyes of Dr.T.J. Eckleburg.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most important symbols in the novel is class and social   standing. It is like a barrier for almost every character. East and West Eggs act as a symbol of this by its physical makeup. Tom and Daisy live on the   East which is far more refined and consists of people with more money and a higher social status. East Egg also represents the "old money." Nick and   Gatsby are on the West, which is for people who don't have any real standing, even if they have money.   The West Egg represents the "new money."   The green light shines from the East Egg to the West Egg luring Gatsby towards what he has always wanted. And Daisy, the woman that Gatsby has always wanted but   never gets, lives on East Egg. There is also a barrier of water between the two cities that keeps people like Daisy and Gatsby apart from one another and keeps them from reaching their goals and what they want in life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another symbol used in the novel was colors.   The first was the green   light.   The light was only a light, however to Gatsby it becomes his dream   for the future.   The light symbolizes hope and dream.   The dream is Daisy.   Gatsby buys the house across the bay so he can see the Buchanan's light.   Later in the story when Gatsby has Daisy the importance of the light   diminishes.   The color yellow in the story often represents death.   Myrtle   dies after being hit by a yellow car.   Another example of yellow representing death is the scene just before Gatsby enters the pool, "He shook his head and in a moment disappeared among the yellowing trees" (Fitzgerald 169).   This   shows that he was about to die just as the leaves in the tree were.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The final symbol used in the story is the eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg.   Until George Wilson decides that they are the eyes of God, they are simply   viewed as an unexplained image, as they stare down on the valley of ashes.   The eyes could mean anything to the observer, but they often make them

The Hashknife Outfit :: essays research papers

Section 1: Introduction When the Aztec Cattle Company ("The Hashknife Outfit") first got to northeast Arizona, they found knee-high grass as far as they could see. They moved cattle from Texas to Arizona and just kept bringing in more and more. They ran those cattle on about 2 million acres of land between Flagstaff and New Mexico. The cattle grazed the grass off and the drought that had already started kept more grass from growing in. There was already very little water, so the cattle started dying off by the thousands. Country that used to look like an ocean of grass turned into a dried out, wind blasted desert. During this same time, the railroads were being put in across the country and cattle were starting to be shipped on trains. (This meant higher transportation costs when cattle prices were starting to go down.) Some of the worst parts of Arizona's history was caused by the Hashknife Outfit and its cutthroat hired help. Mormon settlers were harassed, robbed, and run out of the country. Cattle were stolen from the settlers and other ranches. But the worst problems from the Hashknife cowboys was had by the sheepmen and the towns people. Towns like Holbrook were the scenes of killing, drinking, whoring, and troublemaking. The sheepmen were harassed, their sheep killed, and sometimes got themselves killed. Section 2: The Search The Hashknife Outfit pioneered large-scale cattle ranching in Arizona; but their overgrazing scarred the land, drought and hard winters killed the cattle, and their criminal behavior made its mark on Arizona's history. The "Hashknife brand resembled a cooking utensil used by chuckwagon cooks to chop up meat and potatoes for hash. The brand was owned by the Aztec Land and Cattle Company and was used to brand thousands of cattle. Many cattle ranches came to be known by their brands instead of by their company names because it was easier for people to remember--that's why the Aztec Land and Cattle Company was called the "Hashknife Outfit".(my mom--Arizona family verbal tradition) "The Hashknife Outfit was established in northern Arizona in 1884. A shareholder in the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad persuaded a group of Eastern investors to purchase a million acres of grazing land offered for sale by the railroad. The new ranch, called the 'Aztec Land and Cattle Company', brought in 33,000 head of Texas Longhorn Cattle, a large remuda (herd of saddle broke horses) of horses, and the Hashknife brand" (Hughes xi). When the stockholders of the Aztec Land and Cattle Company were first meeting to form the company, cattle prices were already headed downward.

Analyzing Macbeths Weak Charachter in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay

Shakespeare's Macbeth is about the change in Macbeth's character and his inner motives and feelings. Throughout the play the audience bears witness to Macbeth's thoughts and feelings in his soliloquies, speech, and asides. One often wonders whether it is fate, the witches, or the people around him that compel him to think in certain ways and influence his decisions. It is only his own character from the beginning, however, that allows him to make some of the choices that he does and commit horrific deed during the play. Macbeth is a weak, selfish, traitor, as shown through his submission to Lady Macbeth's demands, his betrayal of Duncan and Banquo, and his inability to admit wrongdoing or accept the consequences of his actions. Macbeth demonstrates weakness when he gives in to Lady Macbeth?s will and follows through with her crazed schemes. Lady Macbeth is a greedy person with grand desires, but one who finds it hard to follow through with the nefarious deeds that are associated with accomplishing her goals. She often wishes to be more of a man, calling upon the devil to help her ignore her conscious and give her cold blood. She uses Macbeth as a tool to accomplish doing these things she cannot without having to do them on her own. However, Macbeth is also reluctant and Lady Macbeth has to influence him to kill Duncan. When learning of Lady Macbeth?s plot to take Duncan?s crown, Macbeth contemplates all the reasons it should not be done. He admits it would be suicide, and that he has no reason to do it. Macbeth decides he will let luck and fate decide whether he will be crowned. ?I have no spur/ To prick the sides of my intent,? (I, ii, 26-27) says Macbeth. But soon afterwards he is coerced by Lady Macbeth ?s taunts and critici... ...ing himself up honorably. Through these statements and Macbeth?s fight until his death, he has demonstrated a lack of regret for the things he has done and the inability to repent for his actions. Shown by his mental insecurity and weakness, treachery against god and country, and reluctance to confess fault, Macbeth has proved a pathetic and selfish person who ultimately gets what he deserves. Macbeth?s character demonstrates all the qualities of a criminal mind. People often find themselves fighting against problems they have created for themselves through their own unwise actions, and losing in the end like Macbeth does because they cannot not change their ways soon enough or aren?t willing to. If one chooses to be selfish, greedy, and overconfident and betrays the ones surrounding him without regret, then he will find himself fighting alone to the bitter end.

Aesthetics And Beauty In Society Essay

Introduction Contemporary society has one of its implicit norms concepts on aesthetics and beauty. When beauty is spoken of, some of us have the immediate conceptions of physical fitness, dieting, and satisfaction with our appearances. Media has been successful at ingraining the ideals in each one of these criteria. We are thus acculturated to thinking that beautiful is tall, thin, and is a health buff in terms of diet. Are perceptions or evaluations of each of these variables gendered? To find out the answer to this question, an empirical study was conducted among Philadelphia residents to determine if they had significant differences in their evaluations of the following variables: 1) satisfaction with their present weight; 2) perceptions on their consumption of a healthy diet; and 3) perceptions of their level of physical fitness. The selection of respondents has been done through convenience sampling, where the questionnaires were deployed to immediate family, acquaintances, and colleagues at work. The portion of the questionnaire which shall be discussed in the current paper is the one which focused on the three variables outlined above. Thus, the independent variable is gender while the dependent variables are 1) satisfaction with their present weight; 2) perceptions on their consumption of a healthy diet; and 3) perceptions of their level of physical fitness. Hypotheses The following are the null and alternative hypotheses for testing significant differences between males and females for each of these variables: Satisfaction with Present Weight Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between males and females on their evaluations of satisfaction with their present weight. H0:mmales’ physical fitness = mfemales’ physical fitness Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant difference between males and females on their evaluations of satisfaction with their present weight. Ha: mmales’ physical fitness  ¹ mfemales’ physical fitness Consumption of a Healthy Diet Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between males and females on their evaluations of their consumption of a healthy diet. Ho: mmales’ sat with weight = mfemales’ sat with weight Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant difference between males and females on their evaluations of their consumption of a healthy diet. Ho: mmales’ sat with weight  ¹ mfemales’ sat with weight Level of Physical Fitness Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between males and females on their evaluations of their level of physical fitness. H0:mmales’ cons of healthy diet   = mfemales’ cons of healthy diet Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant difference between males and females on their evaluations of their level of physical fitness. H0:mmales’ cons of healthy diet   Ã‚ ¹ mfemales’ cons of healthy diet Table 1 below is a synthesis of these hypotheses: Table 1. Summary of alternative and null hypotheses. Dependent Variable Independent Variable Null Hypothesis(H0)    Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)    Level of Physical Fitness Gender H0:mmales’ physical fitness = mfemales’ physical fitness Ha: mmales’ physical fitness  ¹ mfemales’ physical fitness Satisfaction with Present Weight Gender Ho: mmales’ sat with weight = mfemales’ sat with weight Ho: mmales’ sat with weight  ¹ mfemales’ sat with weight Level of Consumption of a Healthy Diet Gender H0:mmales’ cons of healthy diet   = mfemales’ cons of healthy diet    H0:mmales’ cons of healthy diet   Ã‚ ¹ mfemales’ cons of healthy diet    Methodology Convenience sampling has been used in the selection of the respondents for the survey. The lone criterion that has been utilized in their inclusion is the fact that they are Philadelphia residents. The respondents consisted of our immediate families, friends, colleagues and other acquaintances. The total number of respondents who participated in the study was 341. Of this number, 36% are males, while the remainder is females. The gender breakdown of the sample is depicted in Figure 1 below: Figure 1. Gender breakdown of respondents. Because non-probability sampling was used in the selection of respondents, this may have introduced sources of error into the outcomes of the study. First, the sample may not be representative of males and females in Philadelphia overall. The results may only be generalized and valid for the profile of the respondents who participated in the study. To determine the independent variable, there was a question that asked for the respondent’s gender. On the other hand, the three dependent variables have been measured through a 10-point Likert scale, with 1 indicating strong disagreement, to 10 suggesting strong agreement. Method of Data Analysis To yield the statistical computations and analysis, Microsoft Excel has been used. The statistical tool that was appropriate for the current study is the t-test for two independent samples. When using the tool itself, it appears as â€Å"t-test assuming equal variances† in the data analysis feature of MS Excel. The software automatically provides the t-computed and the t-critical from which one may determine if the outcomes are significant or not. All tests have been conducted using the .05 level of significance or the alpha level. This represents the probability of saying that the null hypothesis is true even upon rejection, or simply the likelihood of making a wrong conclusion. In cases where the probability value computed is less than the significance level, the results of the comparison are said to be significant and the null hypothesis is rejected. Another way of determining significance is to examine the t-computed and the t-critical, when the latter is less than the t-computed, then the outcomes of the comparison are also interpreted as significance. In effect, the null hypothesis is rejected. Results Level of Satisfaction with Present Weight Because of various factors including the media and culture itself, there seems to be more pressure among females to maintain only a certain body weight, which is deemed ‘socially acceptable’. If they do not, they seem to run the risk of being discriminated or to be undesirable in the eyes of males. It is thus expected that females will have a significantly lower mean compared to their male counterparts. Table 2 below shows the descriptive statistics of males with regards to their satisfaction of their present body weight. Table 2. Descriptive Statistics for Males’ Satisfaction with Present Weight.       Mean 6.72 Standard Error 0.26 Median 7.50 Mode 10.00 Standard Deviation 2.92 Sample Variance 8.55 Kurtosis -0.85 Skewness -0.59 Range 9.00 Minimum 1.00 Maximum 10.00 Sum 833.00 Count 124.00 Confidence Level(95.0%) 0.52 Figure 2. The figures above suggest that males have a mean of 6.72, measuring their average satisfaction on their present weight. The median is higher at 7.50. The most frequently occurring score is 10. There are 124 male respondents who garnered valid responses for this item. Table 3. Descriptive Statistics for Females’ Satisfaction with Present Height.       Mean 5.23 Standard Error 0.21 Median 5.00 Mode 1.00 Standard Deviation 3.06 Sample Variance 9.36 Kurtosis -1.31 Skewness 0.09 Range 9.00 Minimum 1.00 Maximum 10.00 Sum 1134.00 Count 217.00 Confidence Level(95.0%) 0.41 Figure 3. Table 3 above depicts the descriptive statistics for female respondents on the same item of satisfaction with their current weight. The mean is 5.23 which is lower than those of males. The median is lower than the mean at 5.00. Finally, the most frequently occurring score is 1.00. There are a total of 217 females who responded to the item. Table 3. T-test for satisfaction with present weight.    Male Female Mean 6.7177419 5.225806 Variance 8.5456989 9.360812 Observations 124 217 Pooled Variance 9.0650633    Hypothesized Mean Difference 0    df 339    t Stat 4.4017781    P(T

Legalize anabolic steroids

SummaryThere is a huge national concern over the misuse and abuse of anabolic steroids for enhancement of muscular stature and performance among competitive athletes.   Latest estimates have shown that approximately 5% of all high school students have used anabolic steroids, with almost half of the high students believing that these drugs are not harmful to their health.   Drug enforcement legislations have included anabolic steroids in its list of traffic-controlled substances (21 USC Sec. 801 1/22/02; Schedule III).   However, the bigger picture of the medical and research benefits of anabolic drugs have been overlooked due to the sensationalize media coverage of these drugs.   Current scientific researches are still inconclusive on whether anabolic steroids are extremely unsafe for administration, opposite to what has been actively claimed by anti-drug officials and government authorities.DatesThe Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990 (ASCA) was established to regulate the distribution of anabolic steroids in the United States.   The Drug Enforcement Administration of the U.S. Department of Justice has been mandated to implement measures to protect the people from these dangerous drugs.   A four-part definition of anabolic steroids serves as a blueprint to identify any analogues of the chemical substance that may be uncontrollably dispensed to athletes and other youths.The definition included substances that are chemically and pharmacologically similar to testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, as well as a very close likeness in its enhancement for muscle growth.   The Act classified anabolic steroids in the same category as barbiturates and LSD precursors and claim that these substances result in dangerous effects to the human body.   The Act declares that any individual caught in the possession of these anabolic steroids will be arrested and prosecuted.   The list of anabolic steroids in the Act are continuously being updated, as new versio ns of these drugs are progressively being created through the years.AddressesDrug Enforcement AdministrationU.S. Department of JusticeWashington, D.C.   20038-8083SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONBackgroundAnabolic androgenic steroids are testosterone derivatives that are mainly used for muscle and performance enhancement.   These drugs are frequently used by competitive athletes in order to achieve an edge or better control of their physical strength and performance during professional sports games.   Retrospective surveys indicated that anabolic steroids have been used since the 1960s to date (Duchaine, 1983), with current national user rates ranging from 3% to 9% among high school students alone.   The exact effect of anabolic steroids in the developing human body has not been fully studied, and the increase in number of reports of teenage athletes committing suicide has called the attention of the legislation to assess and review drug enforcement laws covering this specific drug .It has been reported that the prolonged use of anabolic steroids have may cause a number of adverse effects to the human body, including liver damage, gynecomastia, atherogenesis, psychiatric disorders such as aggression and violence, and even death (Balbigian, 2001; Brower, 2002; Glazer, 1991; Pope and Katz, 1990; Malone et al. 1995).   Investigations on the nationwide use of anabolic steroids have prompted Congress to establish the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990, which mainly indicates that the non-medical employment of anabolic steroids is punishable by law.   Any violations will be penalized by at least 15 days to 5 years imprisonment and/or $1,000 to $1,000,000 fine, depending on the extent of the violation.   So far, the general public has supported the Anabolic Steroid Control Act, mostly due to the massive and militant media coverage of the topic.However, the actual negative effects of the use of anabolic steroidal drugs have not been comprehensively investigate d to date, and that the reports that have been disclosed in the media have been isolated cases picked out from millions of cases of teenage users around the United States.   Scientifically, the adverse effects from the prolonged use of anabolic steroids remain inconclusive to date, and in actuality, anabolic steroid use has been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of medical disorders.In one report, it has lately been determined that the effect of an anabolic steroid to the treatment of weight loss in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients is equivalently effective and safe as compared to the commonly administered recombinant growth hormone that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (Storer et al. 2005).   In another scenario, the administration of an anabolic steroid has been beneficial in prostate cancer patients by preventing further migration of prostate cancer cells to other parts of the body (Guerini et al. 2005).   The anabolic steroid oxandrolone has been successfully used in the treatment of muscle loss in patients diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and may be a potential powerful candidate for general treatment of such types of patients (Balagopal et al. 2006).Scientific research shows that anabolic steroids provide more beneficial effects than what has been claimed by legislation as serious, adverse effects to the human body.   More so, the negative reports that have associated with the use of anabolic steroids have not been investigated scientifically and have only achieved much attention through the help of media and press coverage.   Therefore, it is imperative that the legislative bodies review the restrictions associated with the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990 and fully determine the actual effects of anabolic steroid intake.   It is regretful to know that there are other drugs and activities that are much more deleterious or harmful to people but are not actively controlled by the Sen ate, including smoking, cosmetic surgery and over-the-counter drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen, which has caused even more cases of deaths and hospitalizations that anabolic steroids.The Proposed RuleBased on the above information on the current status, knowledge and use of anabolic steroids, we would like to propose that anabolic steroids be legalized for use in the United States.   In turn, we would like to emphasize the need for further scientific research to determine the mechanisms of action of each type of anabolic drug to gain a better understanding of its indications and contraindications.   There should be a comprehensive survey on the frequency of use of anabolic steroids across the human population, with stratified categories of users such as teenage athletes, geriatric patients, cancer patients, and so on.   Any cases that report any adverse effect from use of anabolic steroids should be properly documented and analyzed.   Should there be sufficient reason tha t anabolic steroids be stopped from circulation in the community, we are willing to review these effects once significant information has been gathered from reliable reports.Legal ConsiderationsAs the use of anabolic steroids is legalized, we in turn, propose that a nationwide surveillance program on the use of anabolic steroids be implemented by the Drug Enforcement Administration, as a measurement tool on the exact effects on the use of these substances.   The information that will be gathered will be integrated into an national anabolic steroid database for analysis and interpretation.   All anabolic steroid cases will be included in the database, including any advantages, disadvantages or no visible effects that may be related to the intake of this drug.The surveillance program will be conducted for 2 years, of which at its culmination, will be evaluated and further amendments will be based on the results of the analysis and interpretation of this database.   Such survey w ill provide a better understanding of the effects of anabolic steroid use, which will be more reliable, robust and scientific, and we will not have to depend on influences or propaganda from the media or other government officials.ReferencesBabigian A, Silverman RT (2001): Management of gynecomastia due to use of anabolic steroids in bodybuilders. Plast. Reconstr. Surg.   107:240–242.Balagopal P, Olney R, Darmaun D, Mougey E, Dokler M, Sieck G and Hammond D (2006):   Oxandrolone enhances skeletal muscle myosin synthesis and alters global gene expression profile in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.   Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 290:E530–E539.Brower KJ   (2002): Anabolic steroid abuse and dependence. Curr. Psychiatry Rep.   4:377–383.Duchaine D., ed. (1983):   Underground Steroid Handbook, 1st Ed. California: HLR Technical Books, 84pp.Glazer G (1991): Atherogenic effects of anabolic steroids on serum lipid levels. Arch. Intern. Med. 151:1925–1 933.Guerini V, Sau D, Scaccianoce E, Rusmini P, Ciana P, Maggi A, Martini PGV, Katzenellenbogen BS, Martini L, Motta M and Poletti A (2005):   The androgen derivative 5ÃŽ ±-androstane-3ÃŽ ²,17ÃŽ ²-diol inhibits prostate cancer cell migration through activation of the estrogen receptor ÃŽ ² subtype.   Cancer Res.   65(12):5445-5453.Malone DA Jr, Dimeff R, Lombardo JA, Sample BRH (1995): Psychiatric effects and psychoactive substance use in anabolic-androgenic steroid users. Clin. J. Sports Med. 5:25–31.Pope HG Jr. and Katz DL (1990): Homicide and near-homicide by anabolic steroid users. J. Clin. Psychiatry   51:28–31.Storer TW, Woodhouse LJ, Sattler F, Singh FB, Schroeder ET, Beck K, Padero MC, Mac P, Yarasheski KE, Geurts P, Willemsen A, Harms MK and and Bhasin S   (2005):   A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of nandrolone decanoate in human   immunodeficiency virus-infected men with mild to moderate weight loss with recombinant human growth hormone a s active reference treatment.   J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.   90(8):4474–4482.

Advance Marketing Research Essay

When dealing with marketing research the essential parts are linking the consumer, customer and the public through various ways of getting information to the marketer. The two vital parts of marketing research is the problem identification research and problem solving research. (Malhotra 2010). The NFL is a sport, which is dominated by men for many years, only recently has the NFL recognize the potential audience in women. They are now acting quickly so they can capture the different segment market to cash in and also to make women more aware and appeal about the sport. The underlining point to the market research question is how does the NFL market the league to women adequately. Marketing research can help address the matter of effectively marketing the league and finding out the role of marketing research when dealing with NFL. The key role of marketing research is to acquire vital information so they can react to the markets offerings, which is to market the NFL league to women. Marketing research measures the information needed and even delivers NFL with valid, relevant, reliable and current actionable information for helpful research purposes. With the absence of marketing research, it is worth taking note that the NFL might have adverse effects with incorrect management decisions, which can later be costly. In essence for improved decision making it is vital that market research has a role to play. Question 2 A management decision problem confronts the decision maker to make a decision as in what to do. The NFL wants to increase the market penetration in the female segment; in this case the management has to decide what angle should they move in to gain market penetration in the female segment. The decision that the management should make is to change the advertisement slots, which should focus on more female oriented products or brands in conjunction with the NFL. This will attract, appeal and increase the chance of women watching the NFL league hence: Should the NFL change or alter their current advertisement pattern? Question 3 When decision makers are concerned with making possible actions it is information oriented that a marketing research problem is formed (Malhotra  2010). When dealing with the marketing research problem in the case of NFL, it is fundamental that the company must invest heavily therefore the NFL should undertake the following MRP: Promotional advertisements such as traditional and non-traditional forms of media to seize the attention of potential females who might become a potential follower and customer. Basically the marketing research problem is should the NFL invest heavily on advertising and promotional campaigns. It is important that the NFL should research exactly which media channels will be the most effective tools to campaign towards the female segment. This can be done through survey questions, interviews, focus groups and online surveys. Question 4 Research questions are refined statements of the specific components of the problem Research Question 1: Do females pay attention to Advertisement? Hypothesis H1: Females watch television during their free time H2: Females do not watch television during their past time. Research Question 2: Is magazine a good medium to advertise NFL to the female segmentation? H1: Females buys magazines regularly H2: Females does not read magazines regularly Research Question 3: Does female lifestyle suit the NFL’s environment? H1: Female lifestyle can be influence by NFL advertisements to watch the sport H2: Female lifestyle does not match the behavior of the NFL Reference List Gershberg, M. (2006) NFL studies what women fans want| Reuters. [online] Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/2006/11/29/us-media-summit-nfl-women-idUSN2933923020061129 [Accessed: 25 July 2012]. Goldberg, S. (2006) Why the NFL Struggles to Attract Female Fans. [online] Available at: http://www.dmwmedia.com/news/2006/12/05/why-the-nfl-struggles-to-attract-female-fans [Accessed: 28 July 2012]. Malhotra, N. (2010) Marketing Research : An Applied Orientation. 6th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, p.1 – 74. Reed, k. and Staff, G. (2004) Making sure ads play to women, too – The Boston Globe. [online] Available at: http://www.boston.com/sports/football/patriots/articles/2004/01/28/making_sure_ads_play_to_women_too/?page=1 [Accessed: 20 July 2012].

Nowadays corporate governance

Nowadays corporate governance is seen as the key of attracting investors. Capital flow seems directed towards the companies, which practice fair and transparent ways of governing their organizations. With the changing global business scenario the need of understanding and effective practice of fair and technologically advance corporate governance has also increased. In my speech I will first explain the notion of Corporate Governance. ICAEW (2002) has explained corporate governance in a very effective and comprehensive manner as â€Å" Corporate governance is commonly referred to as a system by which organizations are directed and controlled. It is the process by which company objectives are established, achieved and monitored. Corporate governance is concerned with the relationships and responsibilities between the board, management, shareholders and other relevant stakeholders within a legal and regulatory framework.† Sir Adrian Cadbury (1992) defined corporate governance as ‘the whole system of controls, both financial and otherwise, by which a company is directed and controlled’. There are no hard and fast rules for corporate governance, which can be prescribed for all the countries. These rules can be different for different countries according to their needs and cultural settings. According to ICAEW (2002) with all the contrasts present in the rules and regulations of different countries emphasis is given to generic corporate governance principles of responsibility, accountability, transparency and fairness. Responsibility of directors who approve the strategic direction of the organization within a framework of prudent controls and who employ, monitor and reward management. Accountability of the board to shareholders who have the right to receive information on the financial stewardship of their investment and exercise power to reward or remove the directors entrusted to run the company. Transparency of clear information with which meaningful analysis of a company and its actions can be made. The disclosure of financial and operational information and internal processes of management oversight and control enable outsiders to understand the organization. Fairness that all shareholders are treated equally and have the opportunity for redress for violation of their rights. According to Meigs et al. (1999) this information meets the needs of users of the information-investors. Creditors, managers, and so on-and support many kinds of financial decision performance evaluation and capital allocation, among others. (P.07) Corporations resolutely focus on maximizing profits and a ‘legal obligation to act in the best interests of their shareholders. By and large, this excludes acting ethically or socially responsibly†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(Slapper and Tombs, 1999). (Shah, 2002) states that some Trans-national corporations make more in sales than the GDPs (Gross Domestic Product) of many countries. In fact, of the 100 hundred wealthiest bodies, 51 percent are owned by corporations. While this can be seen as a success story from some viewpoints, others suggest that these and other large corporations are largely unaccountable for the many social and environmental problems that they leave in their wake, and that their size means that their effects are considerable. It is not that every single corporation is inherently bad or greedy, but commonly, the very large, multinational corporations who naturally have vested interests in international development and trade policies (like any group) are able to deploy enormous financial resources in an attempt to get favorable outcomes. The political power that is therefore held by such a small number of people impacts the planet significantly. As a result a few of these corporations make up some of the most influential sources of political and economic power. Naturally, with such influence it is not clear   ‘who’ the regulator is. And as Clarkson’s (1999) earlier quote suggests money and power, in corporate activity, are paired. And where profit supersedes safety and power supersedes regulation there stands the conflict of interests, for the victims of corporate crime. These are for the most part neither wealthy nor powerful although, when they are liability is certainly applied copiously. For example in the case of Enron the former chief accounting officer, Richard Causey was indicted on charges of ‘ fraud, conspiracy, insider trading, lying to auditors and money laundering for allegedly knowing about or participating in a series of schemes to fool investors into believing Enron was financially healthy’ (findlaw.com). The ‘victims’ in this case were the investors who were identifiable and influential. Violations, which impact on financial systems, are subject to more scrupulous legislative administration, compared with social infringements (snider 1991 cited in Slapper and Tombs 1999:89). Increased attention to corporate crime would mean relating to large companies as ‘criminals’ (Slapper and Tombs, 1999). An issue, (Sullivan, 1995 cited in Clarkson, 1998) renders impossible on the basis that ‘crimes can only be committed by human, moral agents’. Media attention will focus on financial aspects of corporate crime due to its impact on a political scale and the sensational-factor that is the ‘respectable’ figures committing crime as well a the belief/knowledge that ‘scandal sells’. Scandal, is common reference for this financial aspect but noting the influence of language Slapper and Tombs (1999) note that this sets a’ scale’ for perceptions, rendering it uncommon/unusual. Another scale, which has been set in the last few decades, is the increasing complains of the least risk disclosure by the companies in their annual reports and financial statements. This is also accompanied by the misuse of the accounting techniques by the executive officers and managers of the corporations. As in case of Enron the technique of off balance sheet reporting was used in negative manner. Investors are often aware of the risks they take and in itself, off-balance-sheet financing is no vice. Companies can use it in perfectly legitimate ways that carry little risk to shareholders. The trouble is that while more companies are relying on off-balance-sheet methods to finance their operations, investors are usually unaware that a company with a clean balance sheet may be loaded with debt — until it is too late. (Morgenson, 2001) A change is required in the regulations. The accounting firm should not perform the consulting and auditing services both. The Companies should be required by the Government to increase their degrees of disclosure. The top-level management should be held more responsible by tightening up the regulations. They should also be held responsible in case of any frauds and regulatory violations of their subordinates. This in turn will give rise to the sense of responsibility in the people related at all levels. (Hanson, 2002) References Cadbury Sir Adrian, (1992). Report of the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, Gee & Co Ltd., UK Clarkson, Max (Editor), The Corporation and Its Stakeholders: Classic and Contemporary Readings, University of Toronto Press, 1998. ICAEW, (2002). What is Corporate Governance? Institute of   Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, Retrieved 30/10/2007 from Hanson, K., (2002). Lessons from the Enron Scandal, interview about Enron by Atsushi Nakayama, a reporter for the Japanese newspaper Nikkei, March 5, 2002, Retrieved 30/10/2007 from http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/ethicalperspectives/enronlessons.html ICAEW, (2002). Corporate governance developments in the UK, Institute of  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, Retrieved 30/10/2007 from Meigs, Robert F., Williams, Jan, R., Haka, Susan F. & Bettner, Mark S., (1999). Accounting: The Basis for Business Decisions, Eleventh Edition, Irwin Mc Graw-Hill, p. 07 Moregenson, G., (2001). Are New Woes Lurking in Financial Nether World? The Associated Press, December 23, 2001, Retrieved 30/10/2007 from http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/New_Home_Page/articles/isthisdebt.htm Slapper, G.,   & Tombs, S., Longman, (1999). Getting Away with Murder, Corporate Crime, Reviewed by Chris Moore, Issue 47, May 2000 Shah, A., (2002). Corporations and the Environment, Page Last Updated Saturday, May 25, 2002, Retrieved 30/10/2007 from